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AimsAlcohol consumption among youth in Sweden has declined markedly during the last decade. This study aims to tackle the following research questions: (i) how is the decrease in drinking distributed across consumption categories; and (ii) is the pattern of change in consumption consistent with Skog's theory of the collectivity of drinking behaviour?
Design, Setting, Participants and MeasurementsWe...
AimsTo determine smoking transitions in a representative sample of US adults.
DesignLongitudinal study using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (wave 1, 2001–02; wave 2, 2004–05).
SettingThe general US adult population.
ParticipantsA total of 33 309 adults (53.6% female) classified as wave 1 current daily, current non‐daily, former daily, former non‐daily...
Background and AimsAttentional bias has been demonstrated to a variety of substances. Evidence suggests that fixation time is a more direct measure of attentional bias than response time. The aims of this experiment were to demonstrate that fixation time during the visual probe task is a sensitive and stable measure of cocaine cue attentional bias in cocaine‐using adults compared to controls.
DesignA...
Background and AimsThe Total Consumption Theory of gambling suggests that gambling expenditure is positively associated with gambling‐related harm. We test the hypothesis that electronic gaming machine (EGM) expenditure predicts gambling‐related harm at the level of the EGM venue.
DesignCross‐sectional analysis of survey and administrative data.
SettingGeneral urban adult population of the Northern...
Background and AimsElectronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are rapidly increasing in popularity. Two randomized controlled trials have suggested that e‐cigarettes can aid smoking cessation, but there are many factors that could influence their real‐world effectiveness. This study aimed to assess, using an established methodology, the effectiveness of e‐cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation compared...
AimTo review randomized controlled trials to assess efficacy of a prize‐based contingency management procedure in reducing substance use (where a drug‐free breath or urine sample provides a chance of winning a prize).
MethodsA meta‐analysis was conducted on papers published from January 2000 to February 2013 to determine the effect size of studies comparing prize‐based contingency management to a...
AimsTo examine the inter‐relationships between cigarette consumption and DSM‐IV nicotine dependence (ND) criteria from smoking onset in adolescence up to 7 years later, adjusting for alcohol consumption and DSM‐IV alcohol dependence (AD) criteria.
DesignA cohort drawn from grades 6–10 in an urban school system was interviewed five times at 6‐month intervals (waves 1–5) and 4.5 years later (wave 6)...
Background and AimsNo effective pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine (MA) use disorder has yet been found. This study evaluated sustained‐release methylphenidate (MPH‐SR) compared with placebo (PLA) for treatment of MA use disorder in people also undergoing behavioral support and motivational incentives.
DesignThis was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design with MPH‐SR or PLA provided...
AimsThe US Veterans Health Administration [Veterans Affairs (VA)] used performance measures and electronic clinical reminders to implement brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol use. We evaluated whether documented brief intervention was associated with subsequent changes in drinking during early implementation.
DesignObservational, retrospective cohort study using secondary clinical and administrative...
AimsTo test the efficacy and safety of varenicline as an aid to smoking cessation in methadone‐maintained smokers.
DesignMulticenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial with random assignment to 12 weeks of varenicline 1 mg twice daily (n = 57) or matched placebo (n = 55), with in‐person and telephone counseling.
SettingUrban methadone programs in the Bronx, New York City, New York,...
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